Alteration of hydrological processes and streamflow with juniper (Juniperus virginiana) encroachment in a mesic grassland catchment          下载免费PDF全文

Chris B. Zou  Donald J. Turton  Rodney E. Will  David M. Engle  Sam D. Fuhlendorf 《水文研究》2014,28(26):6173-6182

To understand the effect of woody plant encroachment on hydrological processes of mesic grasslands, we quantified infiltration capacity in situ, the temporal changes in soil water storage, and streamflow of a grassland catchment and a catchment heavily encroached by juniper (Juniperus virginiana, eastern redcedar) in previously cultivated, non‐karst substrate grasslands in north‐central Oklahoma for 3 years. The initial and steady‐state infiltration rates under the juniper canopy were nearly triple to that of the grassland catchment and were intermediate in the intercanopy spaces within the encroached catchment. Soil water content and soil water storage on the encroached catchment were generally lower than on the grassland catchment, especially when preceding the seasons of peak rainfall in spring and fall. Frequency and magnitude of streamflow events were reduced in the encroached catchment. Annual runoff coefficients for the encroached catchment averaged 2.1%, in contrast to 10.6% for the grassland catchment. Annual streamflow duration ranged from 80 to 250 h for the encroached catchment compared with 600 to 800 h for the grassland catchment. Our results showed that the encroachment of juniper into previously cultivated mesic grasslands fundamentally alters catchment hydrological function. Rapid transformation of mesic grassland to a woodland state with juniper encroachment, if not confined, has the potential to drastically reduce soil water, streamflow and flow duration of ephemeral streams in the Southern Great Plains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于地理国情数据的长江岸线保护和开发利用情况分析     

王丹  柴燕妮  张浩 《北京测绘》2020,(4):507-510

本文基于地理国情数据,从农业垦殖、开发建设、生态修复情况三个方面出发,对长江岸线1 km范围内的保护和开发利用情况进行空间统计分析。通过分析可知:(1)2015~2018年,长江岸线农业垦殖和开发建设力度有所增强;(2)2015~2018年,长江岸线生态修复取得一定的进展,但仍需持续推进。  相似文献   

Nine thousand years of upper montane soil/vegetation dynamics from the summit of Caratuva Peak,Southern Brazil     

《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2014

Biodiversity loss, climate change, and increased freshwater consumption are some of the main environmental problems on Earth. Mountain ecosystems can reduce these threats by providing several positive influences, such as the maintenance of biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon storage, amongst others. The knowledge of the history of these environments and their response to climate change is very important for management, conservation, and environmental monitoring programs. The genesis of the soil organic matter of the current upper montane vegetation remains unclear and seems to be quite variable depending on location. Some upper montane sites in the very extensive coastal Sea Mountain Range present considerable organic matter from the late Pleistocene and other from only the Holocene. Our study was carried out on three soil profiles (two cores in grassland and one in forest) on the Caratuva Peak of the Serra do Ibitiraquire (a sub-range of Sea Mountain Range – Serra do Mar) in Southern Brazil. The δ¹³C isotopic analyses of organic matter in soil horizons were conducted to detect whether C₃ or C₄ plants dominated the past communities. Complementarily, we performed a pollen analysis and ¹⁴C dating of the humin fraction to obtain the age of the studied horizons. Except for a short and probably drier period (between 6000 and 4500 cal yr BP), C₃ plants, including ombrophilous grasses and trees, have dominated the highlands of the Caratuva Peak (Pico Caratuva), as well as the other uppermost summits of the Serra do Ibitiraquire, since around 9000 cal yr BP. The Caratuva region represents a landscape of high altitude grasslands (campos de altitude altomontanos or campos altomontanos) and upper montane rain/cloud forests with soils that most likely contain some organic matter from the late Pleistocene, as has been reported in Southern and Southeastern Brazil for other sites. However, our results indicate that the studied deposits (near the summit) are from the early to late Holocene, when somewhat wetter and warmer conditions (since around 9000 cal yr BP) enabled a stronger colonization of the ridge of Pico Caratuva by mainly C₃ plants, especially grassland species. However, at the same time, even near the summit, the soil core from the forest site already presented the current physiognomy (or a shrubby/elfin or successional forest), indicating that the colonization of the neighboring uppermost saddles and valleys were probably populated mainly by upper montane forest species.  相似文献   

Identification of rural land management signals in runoff response     

Neil McIntyre  Miles Marshall 《水文研究》2010,24(24):3521-3534

Rural land management signals in catchment‐scale runoff have proven difficult to identify in general. The Pontbren experimental catchment in upland Wales, UK, provides a new data set with which to address this challenge. This data set includes more than 4 years of data from six tipping bucket rainfall gauges and eight stream flow gauges representing different land management regimes at different scales. Data‐based mechanistic rainfall–runoff models were fitted to this data set using the CAPTAIN toolbox. The spatial and temporal variabilities of model parameters were identified and interpreted where possible. The analysis highlighted a dependency between the modelled residence time and the presence of agriculturally improved grassland, which produced a flashier response than grassland in a more natural condition. Another factor found to strongly affect the spatial variability of runoff response was the presence of lakes, while catchment area had a less pronounced effect, and the influence of trees, steepness and soil type could not be identified. Some time variability of response was observed but this was not consistent across the catchment and could not easily be interpreted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

以需求为导向的GIS专业人才培养模式   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

陈优良  王兆茹  邹凤琼 《地理空间信息》2010,8(3):141-143,147

在详细分析GIS学科特征及社会、经济对GIS专业人才的需求状况的基础上,阐述了GIS专业课程设置的指导思想和原则,在此基础上提出了GIS专业课程设置和实践教学体系设计的方案。  相似文献   

Evidence for climatic variability and its impact on human development during the Neolithic from Loughmeenaghan,County Sligo,Ireland     

Susann Stolze  Walter Dörfler  Thomas Monecke  Oliver Nelle 《第四纪科学杂志》2012,27(4):393-403

High‐resolution pollen and geochemical analyses conducted on a sediment profile from a small lake in County Sligo, Ireland, revealed that human development during the Neolithic was influenced by pronounced climatic oscillations. The primeval woodland around the lake experienced a considerable transformation coinciding with the elm decline at 3810 BC. The subsequent increase in summer temperatures and decrease in precipitation favoured wheat cultivation in the lake's catchment area, which was practised for approximately 140 years. A shift towards pastoral farming took place with the establishment of exceptionally dry conditions between 3650 and 3560 BC, when lake level and influx of allochthonous material were notably low. The onset of cool and wet conditions at the transition from the Early to Middle Neolithic possibly caused the initial decline of human activity in the area. Periods of particularly high precipitation during the Middle and early Late Neolithic contributed to the abandonment of the area by the first farmers. Comparison of the proxy record from the study site with other palynological and archaeological records from Ireland suggests that climatic variability on the decadal to centennial scale represented a primary control on the nature and duration of farming practices during the Neolithic. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

海洋微生物微包埋培养及应用研究进展     

冀世奇  刘晨光  张晓华 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2010,40(4)

海洋中蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源,其在海洋生态系统中起着重要的作用。综述海洋微生物微包埋培养技术的相关研究概况及应用进展。适于海洋微生物包埋的微球制备技术主要有:水油乳化法、膜乳化法、挤出法、微流体法等。在此基础上建立的培养技术可用于海洋微生物生物多样性研究;慢速生长菌株的培养和分离及微生物传感器的制备等。随着研究的深入,该技术将在海洋微生物的研究方面得到更广泛的应用。  相似文献   

长江黄河源区高寒草甸退化研究进展     

徐丽华  李梅  谢德体 《测绘与空间地理信息》2010,33(1):3-7

长江黄河源区内高寒草甸退化是当前研究的热点问题之一。但多数研究中涉及的源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面,各学者的看法并不相同,难以实现各项研究结果的比较研究。从源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面阐述了各学者研究的差异,指出:长江黄河源区高寒草甸的进一步深入研究有必要对源区的范围进行界定;高寒草甸的分类常常因研究目的不同而有所差异,以退化程度进行的分类能够反映高寒草甸的动态变化过程,但需要定量指标对退化的不同程度进行界定;遥感影像解译的结果由于遥感影像本身的不确定性和主观因素的影响而难以统一;退化的原因目前主要集中于自然因素和人为因素两方面的研究,针对这些因素采取的控制措施在局部区域取得了一定效果,但并没有抑制高寒草甸在总体上的进一步退化,寻找一种综合的有效的治理措施还是今后的研究目标。  相似文献   

Effects of land use and cultivation time on soil organic and inorganic carbon storage in deep soils     

Yu  Xia  Zhou  Weijian  Wang  Yunqiang  Cheng  Peng  Hou  Yaoyao  Xiong  Xiaohu  Du  Hua  Yang  Ling  Wang  Ya 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(6):921-934

The vertical distribution and exchange mechanisms of soil organic and inorganic carbon(SOC, SIC) play an important role in assessing carbon(C) cycling and budgets. However, the impact of land use through time for deep soil C(below 100 cm) is not well known. To investigate deep C storage under different land uses and evaluate how it changes with time, we collected soil samples to a depth of 500 cm in a soil profile in the Gutun watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP); and determined SOC, SIC, and bulk density. The magnitude of SOC stocks in the 0–500 cm depth range fell into the following ranking: shrubland(17.2 kg m~(-2)) grassland(16.3 kg m~(-2)) forestland(15.2 kg m~(-2)) cropland(14.1 kg m~(-2)) gully land(6.4 kg m~(-2)). The ranking for SIC stocks were: grassland(104.1 kg m~(-2)) forestland(96.2 kg m~(-2)) shrubland(90.6 kg m~(-2)) cropland(82.4 kg m~(-2)) gully land(50.3 kg m~(-2)). Respective SOC and SIC stocks were at least 1.6-and 2.1-fold higher within the 100–500 cm depth range, as compared to the 0–100 cm depth range. Overall SOC and SIC stocks decreased significantly from the 5 th to the 15 th year of cultivation in croplands, and generally increased up to the 70 th year. Both SOC and SIC stocks showed a turning point at 15 years cultivation, which should be considered when evaluating soil C sequestration. Estimates of C stocks greatly depends on soil sampling depth, and understanding the influences of land use and time will improve soil productivity and conservation in regions with deep soils.  相似文献   

遵义市袋栽黑木耳最佳栽培期气候条件分析_^*          下载免费PDF全文

谭昊  敖芹  刘红双  古书鸿  谷晓平  崔成 《中低纬山地气象》2021,45(6):79-84

为了找出黑木耳在遵义的最佳栽培期,2019年笔者在遵义市气象观测站开展试验,收集并整理黑木耳生长期内逐日气象资料,结合试验数据综合分析,结果显示：（1）平均气温在20℃左右时,对木耳品质形成较为有利,候平均气温＜5℃或≥30℃时不适宜黑木耳生长。（2）除盛夏和初秋相对湿度较低外,其余大部分时段均能满足木耳自然生长,少部分时段需适当浇水。（3）3月至10月候日照时数普遍在10小时以上,适宜黑木耳生长,其中4月4候至9月4候为最适宜期。（4）遵义立体气候特征明显,海拔高度不同木耳适宜生长期时段不同,大部分地区海拔普遍在600～1100米之间,黑木耳生长最佳适宜期为4月3候至6月6候、8月6候至10月5候。  相似文献